Ituri: Mai Mai armed groups cease hostilities to join government programme-P-DDRCS

On the evening of Tuesday, March 28, an unusual atmosphere prevailed in the capital of the Mambasa territory in Ituri province. A strong delegation of six factions of the Mai Mai armed groups (a community-based militia group) made a historic decision to end hostilities and join the Disarmament, Demobilisation, Community Reintegration, and Stabilisation Programme (P-DDRCS). The signing of this act of commitment was witnessed by several political, administrative, and military authorities, as well as representatives of various segments of the community.

This breakthrough came after two days of consultation in Ituri, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), by the provincial coordination of the P-DDRCS, as part an initiative within the project “Support to Mediation for Resilience and Peace in Ituri and Greater North Kivu,” currently funded by the European Union and implemented by a consortium consisting of Interpeace, Action for Peace and Concord (APC), the Pole Institute, and the Centre for International Cooperation of New York University.

At the signing of the act of commitment, the armed groups of the Babila Babombi chiefdom emphasised that they were motivated by the Congolese government's call to restore peace and put an end to the many abuses suffered by the civilian population.

"We have seized the opportunity given to us by the Head of State in launching the call for demobilisation. We are committed to joining the P-DDRCS programme and the Congolese government unconditionally," said the delegation's spokesperson in his speech.

“This decision was made at the invitation of the provincial coordination of P-DDRCS during the two-day consultation meeting. We are armed groups that act only for self-defence. We want peace to return to our community," the spokesperson added.

Commitment by peace actors

For the provincial coordinator of the P-DDRCS in Ituri, Willy Abibo Sebo Maese, this act of commitment marks the integration of these armed groups into his programme. “The government will now take care of these groups, ensuring their safety and well-being,” he stated.

At the ceremony, Colonel Mwimba David, the representative of the 32nd main defence brigade of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (FARDC), reassured the signatories and promised them the army's unwavering support throughout the process. Senior Superintendent Matadi Muyampandi Jean-Baptiste, the administrator of the Mambasa territory, called on all stakeholders to unite around this process to ensure lasting peace within the community.

The armed Mai-Mai groups, which come from six factions, have made several recommendations to ensure lasting peace. These include the employment of young people and the release and care of their fellow prisoners. The restoration of state authority in their entities, which have been invaded by the Democratic Forces and Allies (ADF), and the construction of a disarmament and demobilisation site in Mambasa are also among their wishes. In addition, they suggest suspending the activities of mining companies, which, according to them, create conflicts within the community.

 

Community systems welcome the commitment

The local civil society, along with the Youth Parliament, the Territorial Youth Council, and members of the community, expressed their satisfaction with the commitment made. They urged the armed groups to honour this pledge and uphold their responsibilities towards the community.

Marie-Noëlle Anotane, the acting coordinator of the Civil Society Forces Vives in Mambasa territory, commended the Mai-Mai entities for their commitment and called on other armed groups to follow suit. This sentiment was echoed by the head of the Mambasa Youth Parliament, Sulemani Onokoko, who praised the courage of the young people who left the bush and encouraged others to do the same or legally join the army.

During the two-day consultation leading up to the signing, approximately 50 participants were given detailed explanations of the national strategy of the P-DDRCS.

Peace Actors Forum Revives Coordination Activities to Address Conflict in Wajir

Wajir County in Kenya has been plagued by conflicts for years, with scarce resources, clannism, and political instability being the main drivers. According to the National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC), Wajir is among the top ten counties with the highest conflict rates in Kenya, with most conflicts being intercommunal.

In 2020, the Wajir County Peace Actors Forum (WCPAF) was established with the aim of addressing the issue of conflict in the region.   The forum brought together a diverse group of stakeholders, including civil society organizations, faith-based organizations, community-based organizations, traditional leaders, local media, as well as both National and County Governments. The collaborative efforts of these stakeholders were aimed at effectively managing conflict in the region. Unfortunately, the forum's potential was hindered by the insufficiency of funding and the lack of physical presence in Wajir. As a result, the coordination mechanisms deteriorated, thereby impeding the forum's effectiveness in managing the prevailing conflict concerns.

The formation of the WCPAF was inspired by the success of the Mandera County Peace Actors Forum (MCPAF), which streamlined peacebuilding efforts in the county. By reducing competition and duplication, the MCPAF enhanced programmatic synergy and ultimately contributed to the creation of trust-based engagements, sustainable peacebuilding programming, and enhanced community ownership.

Interpeace, the Network for Peace, Cohesion, and Heritage (NEPCOH) Trust, and the National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC) recently collaborated to revive the Peace Actors’ Forum in Wajir aimed at addressing existing and emerging conflicts in the county. As part of the ongoing peacebuilding programme supported by the German Federal Foreign Office, a series of meetings were held to develop plans for monthly coordination meetings in 2023. During these meetings, stakeholders developed a framework for collaboration and coordination of all peace initiatives in Wajir.

At the resumption meeting, peace actors discussed emerging and existing conflicts in the county, analysed various conflicts drivers, and updated on ongoing interventions. They also established future areas of collaboration and programmatic synergies. A key agenda item highlighted for future collaboration was the passing and operationalisation of the Frontier Counties Development Council (FCDC) Peacebuilding and Conflict Management Policy and Bill. This peace policy and act will streamline peace infrastructures in FCDC Counties, institutionalise the county peace directorate/departments, and help allocate funds for peacebuilding initiatives.

A secretariat and technical team have been established to manage and operate the Peace Actors Forum. These actors have developed a collaborative framework and ethical guidelines to guide their peacebuilding efforts. One of the most notable achievements of the forum is the collective effort made by the peace actors to ensure that the current Wajir County Executive ratified the peace policy and bill, which is now being discussed in the Wajir County Assembly for enactment. To expedite the process, the programme sought the support of the FCDC Sector Forum for Peace and Cohesion and the Wajir Department for Cohesion.

The Peace Actors Forum is an essential platform for coordinating, collaborating, and complementing peacebuilding efforts. Its significance cannot be overstated. With the enactment of the peace bill, the forum will be institutionalised and provided with a legal framework.

"The revival of the WCPAF will enable coordination, cooperation, and synergy building between various peace actors in the county. The forum will go a long way in enhancing timely information sharing, in addition to resource mobilisation for an effective response, especially in case of emergencies," said Adan Abdi Ahmed, Deputy Director of Peace and Security in Wajir County.

Speaking about the revival of the Wajir Peace Actors Forum, Hassan Ismail, Interpeace's Kenya Country Representative, indicated how its success, along with that of the Mandera County Peace Actors Forum, creates a unique opportunity for the Kenya programme to create roadmaps for other counties. "The remaining FCDC counties and the three non-FCDC counties of Baringo, Elgeyo-Marakwet, and Laikipia will be trained to establish and operationalise County Peace Actors Forums during an induction meeting organized by FCDC and facilitated by Interpeace," he said.

"At the end of the training, a roadmap will be developed to roll out the Peace Actors Forums and expedite the enactment of peace policy and bill in all the FCDC and the three non-FCDC counties. This will ensure that peacebuilding efforts are coordinated, effective, and sustainable across all regions."

Approaches to fostering peace in the North Rift Region of Kenya

There has been a rise in theft of livestock, killings, and violent crime in the North Rift region. In response, the government has implemented a heavy-handed police-led operation and a dusk-to-dawn curfew jointly with the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF), effective 14 February 2022. These measures, which target parts of Turkana, Samburu, Baringo, Elgeyo Marakwet, West Pokot, and Laikipia counties, are intended to restore a level of safety and stability. The curfew may help to establish a sense of normalcy for a few months and even assist in the retrieval of illegal firearms, but the situation in the North Rift region requires a more comprehensive and strategic approach that involves all stakeholders. Indeed, incidents of violence have been on the rise since the establishment of the security operation.

The National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC)/Interpeace Kenya Peacebuilding Programme has been facilitating community peace dialogues across the North Rift region counties of Baringo, Samburu, Turkana, Elgeyo Marakwet, and West Pokot since 2019. This has resulted in several peace agreements between communities with long-standing grievances – bringing about periods of relative peace and stability in parts of the North Rift that saw the reopening of schools and roads, as well as increased interactions between groups. While the current surge in violence mainly takes the form of commercialised livestock raids and (counter-)attacks between armed groups and the government, it has undermined these peace gains and risks further derailing peace processes between communities.

The underlying causes of insecurity in the North Rift are multifaceted and interconnected, rooted in a long history of marginalisation and violence that has engendered a deep-seated mistrust of the government and a belief that communities must take responsibility for their own security. This lack of trust is also reflected in the relationships between communities, which have been characterised by violent clashes for a long time. Revenge attacks are often linked to livestock raids, which have evolved from a cultural practise to a primarily commercial activity. Youth are particularly vulnerable to engaging in these raids due to a lack of economic opportunities. Climate change further exacerbates this dynamic, as it reduces the viability of pastoral livelihoods and lifestyles and can trigger violent encounters as communities with deep-seated grievances compete for increasingly scarce water points and pasture areas. This situation is further exacerbated by the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, which are easily accessible due to porous borders and years of armed conflict in neighbouring countries.

The Kenya Country Representative of the Interpeace Peacebuilding Programme provides invaluable insights and recommendations to assist all stakeholders working with the government in resolving conflict in the North Rift. 

Given the numerous challenges, the hard security approach announced by the government is unlikely to be successful in the long term. While it may provide temporary stabilisation, disarmament exercises will be doomed to fail if the underlying motivations for owning weapons, such as community safety and livelihoods, are not addressed. Excessive use of force could further exacerbate underlying conflict drivers and entrench resentment against the government. Therefore, the security operation should prioritise trust-building with communities and an effective response to early warning information. Additionally, these efforts should be part of a comprehensive approach that is enacted through partnerships across silos and focuses on the economic development of the North Rift, the reduction of communities’ vulnerability to climate change, and the deepening of trust-building and peace processes between communities.

DRC: Formation of Consultative Mediation Groups to Strengthen Social Cohesion in Beni and Ituri

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has taken a proactive approach to support communities in the eastern part of the country that has been affected by armed violence, through the formation of Mediation Advisory Groups (MAGs) in the provinces of Ituri and Greater North Kivu. These groups consist of approximately 50 actors who engage in mediation to prevent or resolve various conflicts, including land disputes, power struggles, administrative boundary conflicts, and those related to natural resources exploitation and armed group activities.

The MAGs are peace facilitators that bring together members of public institutions and civil society, including women's and youth associations. The initiative, funded by the European Union, is led by the Consortium, comprising Interpeace, the Pole Institute, Action for Peace and Concord (APC), and the Centre for International Cooperation of New York University. These platforms are used for dialogue sessions and to implement action plans that promote intra- and inter-community reconciliation.

The MAGs are an important step towards sustainable peace and development in the DRC's eastern region, and a crucial part of their internal structuring and capacity building. Members have been trained in conflict transformation, negotiation, and mediation techniques. The training has been extended to other mediation actors in Ituri, including land administration animators, customary chiefs, female association delegates, and representatives of youth structures.

During the establishment of the MAG in the Beni territory in January 2023, the representative of the province governor, Gédéon Kasereka, praised its inclusive nature and emphasised its sustainability.

"North Kivu is interested in establishing a legal working group, as it is essential to have a solid legal foundation. The group must also be legitimate, consisting of individuals who hold significant influence in society. Additionally, inclusivity is crucial, with accreditation extended to all members of the community, including women, men and the youth. Finally, sustainability is key, as the group should not be tied to any specific project,” he said.

This project aims to create sustainable peace in the region by bringing different communities together. The involvement of the MAGs is essential to achieving this goal. “The project's activities must continue to ensure lasting peace in the region.” As Christian Vingazi, programme manager at Interpeace, said during the January discussion held in Bunia, "We should not allow Ituri and its people to perish. We have already lost a lot. Let us take action to preserve this region and its people and set an example for others to follow.”

The MAGs are a real approach to helping communities in the DRC's eastern region reconcile and strengthen social cohesion. By working together, they can contribute to the improvement of trust between communities and help build lasting peace in the country.

André Kataloho, the chief of Bahema South Sector, believes that the MAG's involvement is crucial for ensuring the sustainability of project actions.  "We would like these activities to be continuous in order to sustain peace actions within our entities. Whether in the Walendu Bindi chieftaincy or the Bahema South sector. The involvement of the MAG is necessary so that the two conflicting parties come together to walk in the same direction."

 

How Community-Based Healing Spaces are Strengthening Mental Resilience in Rwanda

In Rwanda, a country that has experienced immense trauma following the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, community-based healing spaces are providing a safe and conducive environment for individuals to strengthen their mental resilience. These spaces help to create a culture of understanding and acceptance, allowing people to share their stories and find solace in the collective healing experience. Evariste Buregeya, 49, a resident of Bugesera District in Eastern Rwanda, like many others, has been striving to overcome the trauma he experienced in 1994.

In a family of nine, only Evariste, his young brother and sister survived the atrocities of the Genocide. This was the catalyst for a life of misery and despair, plunging him into a deep state of trauma and depression. He lost all interest in studying or working, as he had no hope for the future. At the age of 49, he remained unmarried, haunted by the fear that the Genocide could happen again, and his new family would be massacred.

Mental health issues remain a major obstacle to mental, social, and economic resilience for a considerable part of the Rwandan population, as well as to the cohesion and reconciliation of the community, according to several studies conducted by Rwanda government institutions such as the Ministry of Health (RBC 2018) and the former National Unity & Reconciliation Commission (Rwanda Reconciliation Baromoter- 2020) among others.

Evariste regained hope after joining a Resilience-oriented therapy healing space created by Interpeace through its partner, Groupe des Anciens Etudiants et Elèves Rescapés du Genocide (GAERG), as part of its Societal Trauma Healing Programme in Rwanda, funded by the European Union and the Government of Sweden through the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). The Resilience-oriented therapy is a multi-phase group-based treatment that focuses on emotion regulation to address anxiety or depression, behavioral self-management to tackle substance abuse or aggression, and identity development to address chronic emptiness or alienation. It was introduced in Rwanda in 2020 by Interpeace in close collaboration with the Ministry of Health’s specialised agency, Rwanda Biomedical Center (RBC) to provide psychosocial support to those struggling with psychological distress and strengthen their mental resilience. By joining this healing space, Evariste was able to find hope and a renewed sense of purpose.

After attending the Resilience-oriented healing space for a period of three months along with nine other people from his neighborhood who were facing the same challenges, Evariste recognised that the therapy had positively changed his life. “I no longer feel depressed; my suicidal thoughts have gone, and I have regained my smile,” he narrates, adding that “My fear for a potential Genocide is no more. My plan is to get married soon and start a beautiful family.”

The 10 group members who attended the resilience-oriented healing space were identified during a screening process performed prior to the start of the space. It is through this scientific and rigorous screening process that Interpeace and its partners identify and assess individuals' needs and level of distress, before allocating them to appropriate intervention groups.

Facilitated by well-trained psychologists, Resilience-oriented healing spaces create a conducive environment for participants to share their traumatic experiences, stories and daily challenges and empower them to support and help each other in the healing process.

Evariste’s story is not isolated. The 2018 Rwanda Mental Health Survey (RMHS) conducted by the Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC) revealed that the prevalence of various mental disorders in Rwanda is higher than the global average, particularly among genocide survivors. Poor mental health has a detrimental effect on their social and economic wellbeing.

The Mental Health Survey revealed that only 5% of Rwandans suffering from mental health issues seek medical help, partially because of the cultural stigma associated with one-on-one therapy and the overwhelming demand for mental health services that exceeds the capacity of available professionals.

Dr. Yvone Kayiteshonga, RBC’s Mental Health Division Manager, appreciates the impact of resilience-oriented therapy in addressing the challenges faced. “The community-based and group-based approaches that Interpeace uses to improve the mental wellbeing of individuals are adapted to the realities of the context, given the large number of Rwandans who need treatment. These approaches are promising and have demonstrated that individuals who have experienced trauma can heal and regain trust and hope for a brighter future.” Notes Dr. Kayiteshonga.

The programme supports the government’s efforts to build a decentralized national mental health system by strengthening infrastructure, developing the capacities of local professionals, and building a mental health and psychosocial support services coordination network at local level. It also provides equipment such as the Mobile Mental Health Clinic that enables professionals to access remote communities and provide home-based care.

Media professionals in Kasai establish a committee for promotion of peace in DRC

Media professionals in Kasai have taken a major step towards promoting peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) by establishing a committee to reduce violent conflict caused by biased reporting during elections. On 28 January, the Action pour la paix et la concorde (APC) and Interpeace held a two-day workshop in Tshikapa to discuss conflict sensitive reporting. This initiative is part of a larger project to strengthen inclusive governance and peace in the DRC, particularly in the province of Kasai, which has been underway since 2021 in collaboration with the provincial government. The committee seeks to raise awareness of the potential consequences of irresponsible journalism and encourage the media to take a more responsible approach to reporting during election periods.

At the opening of the workshop, the provincial Minister of Transport, Ditunga Beya, who was representing the Governor, urged journalists to engage in unbiased reporting.

According to the Provincial Minister of Transport, “the workshop offers a chance to request journalists and political actors with platforms on various local radio channels to help the Congolese people assess their political leaders in a peaceful and harmonious environment.”

Funded by the Swedish Agency for International Development (SIDA), the Kasai programme seeks to engage political, administrative, and customary authorities in Kamonia, Kamako, Kakenge, and Tshikapa in the process of peaceful conflict resolution. Simultaneously, the programme is taking the initial steps to establish  foundations of peaceful governance in DRC by  facilitating dialogue and mediation for reconciliation, as well as social cohesion among the local communities, the authorities, and the security forces.

The city of Tshikapa, the capital of Kasai Province, was established in the Democratic Republic of Congo's Constitution of 2006 and materialised in 2015 with the dismemberment of the provinces. With over 15 community radio stations owned by various national, provincial, and local political actors, these radio stations often find themselves embroiled in controversy due to their biased reporting in favour of their owners. Consequently, some actors have criticised the role these local radio stations play in intensifying violent and intercommunity conflicts. The establishment of the media professions committee will enable journalists broadcasting on local channels and hosting programs to raise awareness of peace among the population. The committee aims to engage political actors and policymakers without distinction based on gender or political affiliations.

The committee is chaired by Bethy Mukubayi of Voix de votre communauté (VVC) Radio, and is supported by Celestin Kadiandanda of Télé Entrinel Radio and Diaris Kindalo of Ondes du Progrès Radio in the secretariat. Diaris will be responsible for monitoring the committee's media professionals on social media.

The workshop was a cause for celebration among the journalists in the city of Tshikapa, who perceived the establishment of the committee as timely. They expressed the desire that the committee’s mandate to be extended to all the territories of the Kasai province and, if possible, to the entire nation.